World Heritage Sites : Tourism, Local Communities and Conservation Activities
Cultural property-Conservation and restoration Heritage tourism World Heritage areas-Management maailmanperintökohteet kulttuurimatkailu
CAB International
2019
EISBN 9781786392671
Intro.
World Heritage Sites: Tourism, Local Communities and Conservation Activities.
Copyright.
Contents.
Acknowledgements.
Preface.
Abbreviations and Acronyms.
List of Figures.
List of Tables.
List of Case Studies.
1 World Heritage Sites - An Introduction.
1 Aim and Scope of the Book.
2 Organizations Related to World Heritage Sites.
2.1 UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
2.2 World Heritage Committee.
2.3 States Parties.
2.4 Advisory bodies.
3 The Historical Background of World Heritage Sites.
4 The World Heritage Convention and Mission of World Heritage Sites.
5 Designation of World Heritage Sites.
6 Concepts of Heritage and World Heritage Sites.
7 Eastern and Western Perspectives.
7.1 Introduction.
7.2 Societies and communities.
7.3 Culture and religion.
7.4 Heritage and authenticity.
7.5 Conservation: culture and nature.
7.6 Cities and planning.
7.7 Visitors and tourism.
8 Structure of the Book.
References.
2 Heritage Management and Conservation Activities at World Heritage Sites.
1 Introduction.
1.1 Heritage management and World Heritage Sites.
1.2 Conservation activities and World Heritage Sites.
2 Postmodernism, Globalization and WHSs.
3 Reality of Heritage Management and Conservation Activities at WHSs.
3.1 Overview.
3.2 Philosophy and approach.
3.3 Duties and responsibilities.
3.4 Management, conservation and tourism.
3.5 Eastern and western perspectives.
4 Conclusion.
References.
3 Tourism Development at World Heritage Sites.
1 Tourism Development.
1.1 Introduction.
1.2 Economic aspect of the triple bottom line of sustainability and tourism development.
1.3 Sociocultural aspect of the triple bottom line of sustainability and tourism development.
1.4 Environmental aspect of the triple bottom line of sustainability and tourism development.
1.5 Tourism development: then and now.
2 Tourism Development at World Heritage Sites.
2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Tourism development at World Heritage Sites: host side of tourism.
2.3 Tourism development at World Heritage Sites: guest side of tourism.
3 Conclusion.
References.
4 Tourism Marketing at World Heritage Sites.
1 Tourism and Destination Marketing.
1.1 Marketing for tourism.
1.2 Destination marketing.
2 World Heritage Sites: Tourism and Destination Marketing.
2.1 World Heritage status as a brand.
2.2 Stakeholders and organizations in marketing for World Heritage Sites.
2.3 Visitors' responses to World Heritage status.
3 Conclusion.
References.
5 Local Communities in and around World Heritage Sites.
1 Local Communities and Local People.
1.1 Concepts of local communities and local people.
1.2 Community development and tourism.
2 Local People's Views towards Changes.
2.1 Local people and their views.
2.2 Extrinsic and intrinsic factors.
2.2.1 Extrinsic factors.
2.2.2 Intrinsic factors.
2.2.3 Summary.
3 Introduction to Four Kinds of Changes in Local Communities.
4 Psychological Impacts of World Heritage Status and Tourism after WHS Designation (Attitudinal Changes).
4.1 Introduction.
4.2 Attitudes towards tourists and excursionists.
4.3 Interest in heritage conservation.
4.4 Attachment to place of residence.
4.5 Pride in place of residence.
4.6 Local identity.
5 Conclusion.
References.
6 The Economic Impacts of World Heritage Site Designation on Local Communities.
1 The Economic Impacts of Tourism.
1.1 Introduction.
1.2 Tourism balance of payments.
1.3 National, local and household income.
1.4 Variety of local businesses, dependency on tourism and opportunity costs.
1.5 Employment.
1.6 Inflation and increase in the cost of living.
1.7 Leakage and tourism multiplier.
2 The Economic Impacts of WH Status and Tourism at WHSs.
2.1 Access to funding.
2.2 Financial support from governments and private organizations.
3 Economic Changes in and around World Heritage Sites and Local People's Views.
3.1 Diversity and strength of local economy.
3.1.1 Changes.
3.1.2 Local people's views.
3.2 Employment opportunities.
3.2.1 Changes.
3.2.2 Local people's views.
3.3 Income.
3.3.1 Changes.
3.3.2 Local people's views.
3.4 Cost of living.
3.4.1 Changes.
3.4.2 Local people's views.
4 Conclusion.
References.
7 The Sociocultural Impacts of World Heritage Site Designation on Local Communities.
1 Sociocultural Impacts of Tourism.
1.1 Introduction.
1.2 Quality of life and social pathology.
1.3 Overcrowding, privacy and traffic-related problems.
1.4 Population, social polarization and solidarity among local people.
1.5 Local culture.
1.6 Authenticity.
1.7 Visible atmosphere.
1.8 Conservation.
1.9 Recognition and image.
1.10 Communications and cultural exchanges between local residents and visitors.
2 The Sociocultural Impacts of WH Status and Tourism at WHSs.
2.1 Split between the WHS and its surrounding communities.
2.2 Conservation after World Heritage Site inscription.
2.3 Conflicts of interests, aspirations and concerns.
3 The Sociocultural Changes in and around World Heritage Sites and Local People's Views.
3.1 Social pathology.
3.1.1 Changes.
3.1.2 Local people's views.
3.2 Congestion and privacy.
3.2.1 Changes.
3.2.2 Local people's views.
3.3 'Feel' and 'spirit'.
3.3.1 Changes.
3.3.2 Local people's views.
3.4 Level of conservation.
3.4.1 Changes.
3.4.2 Local people's views.
3.5 Interactions between local people and visitors.
3.5.1 Changes.
3.5.2 Local people's views.
4 Conclusion.
References.
8 The Environmental Impacts of World Heritage Site Designation on Local Communities.
1 The Environmental Impacts of Tourism.
1.1 Introduction.
1.2 Natural environment.
1.2.1 Positive impacts of tourism on the natural environment.
1.2.2 Negative impacts of tourism on the natural environment.
1.3 Built environment: infrastructure.
1.3.1 Basic infrastructure for local communities.
1.3.2 Infrastructure for local communities and visitors.
1.3.3 Infrastructure mainly for visitors.
2 The Environmental Impacts of WH Status and Tourism at WHSs.
2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Invasive species.
2.3 Poaching.
2.4 Dams.
2.5 Climate change.
3 Environmental Changes in and around World Heritage Sites and Local People's Views.
3.1 Natural environment at WHSs.
3.1.1 Changes.
3.1.2 Local people's views.
3.2 Built environment at WHSs: Infrastructure for local people and visitors.
3.2.1 Changes.
3.2.2 Local people's views.
3.3 Built environment at WHSs: infrastructure mainly for visitors.
3.3.1 Changes.
3.3.2 Local people's views.
4 Conclusion.
References.
9 Contemporary Developments in and around World Heritage Sites and Their Implications.
1 Introduction.
2 Contemporary Developments in World Heritage Sites.
2.1 The List of World Heritage in Danger.
2.2 Cultural Landscapes.
2.3 Historic Urban Landscapes.
3 Contemporary Developments around World Heritage Sites.
3.1 Culture-focused concepts.
3.1.1 Intangible Cultural Heritage.
3.1.2 Memory of the World.
3.2 Nature-focused concepts.
3.2.1 UNESCO Global Geoparks.
3.2.2 Biosphere Reserves.
4 Conclusion.
References.
10 Reflection (Summary).
1 World Heritage Sites.
1.1 Key agencies.
1.2 Historical backdrops and essential information.
1.3 World Heritage Convention and mission of World Heritage Sites.
1.4 Inscription of World Heritage Sites.
1.5 Concept of World Heritage Sites and Outstanding Universal Value.
2 Eastern and Western Viewpoints.
2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Societies and communities.
2.3 Culture and religion.
2.4 Heritage and authenticity.
2.5 Conservation: culture and nature.
2.6 Cities and planning.
2.7 Tourism.
3 World Heritage Sites: Heritage Management and Conservation Activities.
4 World Heritage Sites: Tourism.
4.1 World Heritage Sites: tourism development.
4.2 World Heritage Sites: tourism marketing.
5 World Heritage Sites: Local Communities.
6 Changes in Local Communities and Views towards Changes.
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 Economic changes.
6.3 Sociocultural changes.
6.4 Environmental changes.
7 Contemporary Developments in and around World Heritage Sites.
8 Suggested Academic Models.
References.
Index.
Heritage is a growing area of both tourism and study, and this book reviews the important interrelations between the tourism industry, local communities and conservation work. It is the only authored work providing a consistent treatment of the subject, and includes case studies from around the world.
World Heritage Sites: Tourism, Local Communities and Conservation Activities.
Copyright.
Contents.
Acknowledgements.
Preface.
Abbreviations and Acronyms.
List of Figures.
List of Tables.
List of Case Studies.
1 World Heritage Sites - An Introduction.
1 Aim and Scope of the Book.
2 Organizations Related to World Heritage Sites.
2.1 UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
2.2 World Heritage Committee.
2.3 States Parties.
2.4 Advisory bodies.
3 The Historical Background of World Heritage Sites.
4 The World Heritage Convention and Mission of World Heritage Sites.
5 Designation of World Heritage Sites.
6 Concepts of Heritage and World Heritage Sites.
7 Eastern and Western Perspectives.
7.1 Introduction.
7.2 Societies and communities.
7.3 Culture and religion.
7.4 Heritage and authenticity.
7.5 Conservation: culture and nature.
7.6 Cities and planning.
7.7 Visitors and tourism.
8 Structure of the Book.
References.
2 Heritage Management and Conservation Activities at World Heritage Sites.
1 Introduction.
1.1 Heritage management and World Heritage Sites.
1.2 Conservation activities and World Heritage Sites.
2 Postmodernism, Globalization and WHSs.
3 Reality of Heritage Management and Conservation Activities at WHSs.
3.1 Overview.
3.2 Philosophy and approach.
3.3 Duties and responsibilities.
3.4 Management, conservation and tourism.
3.5 Eastern and western perspectives.
4 Conclusion.
References.
3 Tourism Development at World Heritage Sites.
1 Tourism Development.
1.1 Introduction.
1.2 Economic aspect of the triple bottom line of sustainability and tourism development.
1.3 Sociocultural aspect of the triple bottom line of sustainability and tourism development.
1.4 Environmental aspect of the triple bottom line of sustainability and tourism development.
1.5 Tourism development: then and now.
2 Tourism Development at World Heritage Sites.
2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Tourism development at World Heritage Sites: host side of tourism.
2.3 Tourism development at World Heritage Sites: guest side of tourism.
3 Conclusion.
References.
4 Tourism Marketing at World Heritage Sites.
1 Tourism and Destination Marketing.
1.1 Marketing for tourism.
1.2 Destination marketing.
2 World Heritage Sites: Tourism and Destination Marketing.
2.1 World Heritage status as a brand.
2.2 Stakeholders and organizations in marketing for World Heritage Sites.
2.3 Visitors' responses to World Heritage status.
3 Conclusion.
References.
5 Local Communities in and around World Heritage Sites.
1 Local Communities and Local People.
1.1 Concepts of local communities and local people.
1.2 Community development and tourism.
2 Local People's Views towards Changes.
2.1 Local people and their views.
2.2 Extrinsic and intrinsic factors.
2.2.1 Extrinsic factors.
2.2.2 Intrinsic factors.
2.2.3 Summary.
3 Introduction to Four Kinds of Changes in Local Communities.
4 Psychological Impacts of World Heritage Status and Tourism after WHS Designation (Attitudinal Changes).
4.1 Introduction.
4.2 Attitudes towards tourists and excursionists.
4.3 Interest in heritage conservation.
4.4 Attachment to place of residence.
4.5 Pride in place of residence.
4.6 Local identity.
5 Conclusion.
References.
6 The Economic Impacts of World Heritage Site Designation on Local Communities.
1 The Economic Impacts of Tourism.
1.1 Introduction.
1.2 Tourism balance of payments.
1.3 National, local and household income.
1.4 Variety of local businesses, dependency on tourism and opportunity costs.
1.5 Employment.
1.6 Inflation and increase in the cost of living.
1.7 Leakage and tourism multiplier.
2 The Economic Impacts of WH Status and Tourism at WHSs.
2.1 Access to funding.
2.2 Financial support from governments and private organizations.
3 Economic Changes in and around World Heritage Sites and Local People's Views.
3.1 Diversity and strength of local economy.
3.1.1 Changes.
3.1.2 Local people's views.
3.2 Employment opportunities.
3.2.1 Changes.
3.2.2 Local people's views.
3.3 Income.
3.3.1 Changes.
3.3.2 Local people's views.
3.4 Cost of living.
3.4.1 Changes.
3.4.2 Local people's views.
4 Conclusion.
References.
7 The Sociocultural Impacts of World Heritage Site Designation on Local Communities.
1 Sociocultural Impacts of Tourism.
1.1 Introduction.
1.2 Quality of life and social pathology.
1.3 Overcrowding, privacy and traffic-related problems.
1.4 Population, social polarization and solidarity among local people.
1.5 Local culture.
1.6 Authenticity.
1.7 Visible atmosphere.
1.8 Conservation.
1.9 Recognition and image.
1.10 Communications and cultural exchanges between local residents and visitors.
2 The Sociocultural Impacts of WH Status and Tourism at WHSs.
2.1 Split between the WHS and its surrounding communities.
2.2 Conservation after World Heritage Site inscription.
2.3 Conflicts of interests, aspirations and concerns.
3 The Sociocultural Changes in and around World Heritage Sites and Local People's Views.
3.1 Social pathology.
3.1.1 Changes.
3.1.2 Local people's views.
3.2 Congestion and privacy.
3.2.1 Changes.
3.2.2 Local people's views.
3.3 'Feel' and 'spirit'.
3.3.1 Changes.
3.3.2 Local people's views.
3.4 Level of conservation.
3.4.1 Changes.
3.4.2 Local people's views.
3.5 Interactions between local people and visitors.
3.5.1 Changes.
3.5.2 Local people's views.
4 Conclusion.
References.
8 The Environmental Impacts of World Heritage Site Designation on Local Communities.
1 The Environmental Impacts of Tourism.
1.1 Introduction.
1.2 Natural environment.
1.2.1 Positive impacts of tourism on the natural environment.
1.2.2 Negative impacts of tourism on the natural environment.
1.3 Built environment: infrastructure.
1.3.1 Basic infrastructure for local communities.
1.3.2 Infrastructure for local communities and visitors.
1.3.3 Infrastructure mainly for visitors.
2 The Environmental Impacts of WH Status and Tourism at WHSs.
2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Invasive species.
2.3 Poaching.
2.4 Dams.
2.5 Climate change.
3 Environmental Changes in and around World Heritage Sites and Local People's Views.
3.1 Natural environment at WHSs.
3.1.1 Changes.
3.1.2 Local people's views.
3.2 Built environment at WHSs: Infrastructure for local people and visitors.
3.2.1 Changes.
3.2.2 Local people's views.
3.3 Built environment at WHSs: infrastructure mainly for visitors.
3.3.1 Changes.
3.3.2 Local people's views.
4 Conclusion.
References.
9 Contemporary Developments in and around World Heritage Sites and Their Implications.
1 Introduction.
2 Contemporary Developments in World Heritage Sites.
2.1 The List of World Heritage in Danger.
2.2 Cultural Landscapes.
2.3 Historic Urban Landscapes.
3 Contemporary Developments around World Heritage Sites.
3.1 Culture-focused concepts.
3.1.1 Intangible Cultural Heritage.
3.1.2 Memory of the World.
3.2 Nature-focused concepts.
3.2.1 UNESCO Global Geoparks.
3.2.2 Biosphere Reserves.
4 Conclusion.
References.
10 Reflection (Summary).
1 World Heritage Sites.
1.1 Key agencies.
1.2 Historical backdrops and essential information.
1.3 World Heritage Convention and mission of World Heritage Sites.
1.4 Inscription of World Heritage Sites.
1.5 Concept of World Heritage Sites and Outstanding Universal Value.
2 Eastern and Western Viewpoints.
2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Societies and communities.
2.3 Culture and religion.
2.4 Heritage and authenticity.
2.5 Conservation: culture and nature.
2.6 Cities and planning.
2.7 Tourism.
3 World Heritage Sites: Heritage Management and Conservation Activities.
4 World Heritage Sites: Tourism.
4.1 World Heritage Sites: tourism development.
4.2 World Heritage Sites: tourism marketing.
5 World Heritage Sites: Local Communities.
6 Changes in Local Communities and Views towards Changes.
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 Economic changes.
6.3 Sociocultural changes.
6.4 Environmental changes.
7 Contemporary Developments in and around World Heritage Sites.
8 Suggested Academic Models.
References.
Index.
Heritage is a growing area of both tourism and study, and this book reviews the important interrelations between the tourism industry, local communities and conservation work. It is the only authored work providing a consistent treatment of the subject, and includes case studies from around the world.
