Risk & innovation : small companies in six industries : background papers prepared for the NAE risk and innovation study
National Academy Press
1996
EISBN 9780309581622
COVER.
COPYRIGHT.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
RISK & INNOVATION.
INTRODUCTION.
SECTORS ADDRESSED BY THE PAPERS.
THE EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGICAL RISK ON OPPORTUNITIES.
UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES OF POLICIES.
IMPORTANCE OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH.
ACCESS TO CAPITAL.
IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY.
REFERENCES.
ADVANCED DISPLAYS AND VISUAL SYSTEMS.
INDUSTRY BACKGROUND.
Market Size, Structure, and International Position.
Display Technologies.
Market History.
CURRENT MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY ISSUES.
A Critical Technology.
Japanese Business Dominance.
Entry of Korea and Taiwan.
The Dumping Case.
Recent Developments.
New Markets and Applications.
THE ROLE OF SMALL COMPANIES.
Product Research and Development.
Manufacturing Research and Development.
Upstream Issues.
Downstream Issues.
Human and External Resource Issues.
Investment, Governance, and Strategy.
CONCLUSIONS.
APPENDIX: DESCRIPTIONS OF DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES.
REFERENCES.
IMPLANTABLEAND SURGICAL MEDICAL DEVICES.
THE MEDICAL DEVICE INDUSTRY AND ITS MARKETS.
SOME SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS OF MEDICAL DEVICE INNOVATION.
The Science and Technology Interface.
The Role of Small Versus Large Firms.
University-Industry Interactions.
THE U.S. INNOVATION SYSTEM.
Sources Of Finance.
Academic Medical Centers and Physician-Users.
FDA Regulatory Policies.
Health Care Financing Policies.
CONSEQUENCES FOR MEDICAL DEVICE INNOVATION.
R & D Investment.
The Changing Rate of Medical Device R & D.
The Changing Direction of Medical Device R & D.
CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS.
REFERENCES.
COMPUTER SOFTWARE.
SIZE AND SCOPE OF SOFTWARE SECTORS.
Programming Services and Systems Integration.
Prepackaged Software.
SOFTWARE DEPENDS CRITICALLY ON INNOVATIONIN COMPUTER TECHNOLOGIES.
SMALL COMPANIES AND START-UPS EXPLOITTHESE OPPORTUNITIES.
Low Barriers to Entry.
Expanding, Fragmented Markets.
Dynamics of Technological Change.
Key Success Factors for New Companies.
FACTORS SHAPING INNOVATION IN SOFTWARE.
The Importance of Universities.
Large Companies as a Source of Technology.
Economic and Technological Risks are Encouraged.
POLICY QUESTIONS.
Spin-on Effects from Defense-Related Research and Development.
National Infrastructure Initiative.
The Importance of Defense System Acquisitions.
Public-Sector Financing Initiatives to Encourage Innovation.
The Question of Illegal Monopolization.
The Problem of Uncertain Intellectual Property Rights.
Enforcing IPR Policies.
REMARKS ON THE FUTURE.
REFERENCES.
ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING LABORATORIESAND INSTRUMENTS.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING INDUSTRY.
A Brief History.
Market Size.
Number of Competitors.
Profile of Customers.
Legislative and Regulatory Drivers.
Market Niches.
Small Labs vs. Large Labs.
Accreditation and Certification.
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION.
A Historical Perspective.
Summary of the Role of Analytical Instrumentation.
Likely Future Trends in Techno.
COPYRIGHT.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
RISK & INNOVATION.
INTRODUCTION.
SECTORS ADDRESSED BY THE PAPERS.
THE EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGICAL RISK ON OPPORTUNITIES.
UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES OF POLICIES.
IMPORTANCE OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH.
ACCESS TO CAPITAL.
IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY.
REFERENCES.
ADVANCED DISPLAYS AND VISUAL SYSTEMS.
INDUSTRY BACKGROUND.
Market Size, Structure, and International Position.
Display Technologies.
Market History.
CURRENT MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY ISSUES.
A Critical Technology.
Japanese Business Dominance.
Entry of Korea and Taiwan.
The Dumping Case.
Recent Developments.
New Markets and Applications.
THE ROLE OF SMALL COMPANIES.
Product Research and Development.
Manufacturing Research and Development.
Upstream Issues.
Downstream Issues.
Human and External Resource Issues.
Investment, Governance, and Strategy.
CONCLUSIONS.
APPENDIX: DESCRIPTIONS OF DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES.
REFERENCES.
IMPLANTABLEAND SURGICAL MEDICAL DEVICES.
THE MEDICAL DEVICE INDUSTRY AND ITS MARKETS.
SOME SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS OF MEDICAL DEVICE INNOVATION.
The Science and Technology Interface.
The Role of Small Versus Large Firms.
University-Industry Interactions.
THE U.S. INNOVATION SYSTEM.
Sources Of Finance.
Academic Medical Centers and Physician-Users.
FDA Regulatory Policies.
Health Care Financing Policies.
CONSEQUENCES FOR MEDICAL DEVICE INNOVATION.
R & D Investment.
The Changing Rate of Medical Device R & D.
The Changing Direction of Medical Device R & D.
CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS.
REFERENCES.
COMPUTER SOFTWARE.
SIZE AND SCOPE OF SOFTWARE SECTORS.
Programming Services and Systems Integration.
Prepackaged Software.
SOFTWARE DEPENDS CRITICALLY ON INNOVATIONIN COMPUTER TECHNOLOGIES.
SMALL COMPANIES AND START-UPS EXPLOITTHESE OPPORTUNITIES.
Low Barriers to Entry.
Expanding, Fragmented Markets.
Dynamics of Technological Change.
Key Success Factors for New Companies.
FACTORS SHAPING INNOVATION IN SOFTWARE.
The Importance of Universities.
Large Companies as a Source of Technology.
Economic and Technological Risks are Encouraged.
POLICY QUESTIONS.
Spin-on Effects from Defense-Related Research and Development.
National Infrastructure Initiative.
The Importance of Defense System Acquisitions.
Public-Sector Financing Initiatives to Encourage Innovation.
The Question of Illegal Monopolization.
The Problem of Uncertain Intellectual Property Rights.
Enforcing IPR Policies.
REMARKS ON THE FUTURE.
REFERENCES.
ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING LABORATORIESAND INSTRUMENTS.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING INDUSTRY.
A Brief History.
Market Size.
Number of Competitors.
Profile of Customers.
Legislative and Regulatory Drivers.
Market Niches.
Small Labs vs. Large Labs.
Accreditation and Certification.
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION.
A Historical Perspective.
Summary of the Role of Analytical Instrumentation.
Likely Future Trends in Techno.
