Early days of X-ray crystallography
X-ray crystallography X-rays e-böcker
Oxford University Press
2013
EISBN 9780191635014
""Cover""; ""Contents""; ""1 Significance of the discovery of X-ray diffraction""; ""1.1 April 1912: a major discovery""; ""1.2 Crystallography on the eve of the discovery of X-ray diffraction""; ""1.3 Impact of the discovery on the chemical, biochemical, physical, material, and mineralogical sciences""; ""2 The various approaches to the concept of space lattice""; ""2.1 The space-filling approach""; ""2.2 The close-packing approach""; ""2.3 The molecular theories of the early nineteenth century physicists""; ""3 The dual nature of light""
""5.8 W.H. Bragg and his corpuscular theory of X-rays, 1907""""5.9 Diffraction by a slit: estimation of X-ray wavelengths""; ""5.10 Derivation of X-ray wavelengths from the consideration of energy elements""; ""5.11 J. Stark�s atomic constitution of the X-rays, 1909""; ""6 1912: The discovery of X-ray diffraction and the birth of X-ray analysis""; ""6.1 Munich in 1912""; ""6.2 Ewald�s thesis, 1912""; ""6.3 M. Laue: Privatdozent in A. Sommerfeld�s Institute""; ""6.4 Ewald�s question to Laue, January 1912""; ""6.5 Laue�s intuition, January 1912""
""4.4 The news of the discovery spread round the world""""4.5 Further investigations on X-rays by W.C. RÃœntgen, 1896, 1897""; ""4.6 Prior observations""; ""4.7 â€?Lenard raysâ€? and â€?RÃœntgen raysâ€?""; ""5 The nature of X-rays: waves or corpuscles?""; ""5.1 The nature of cathode rays""; ""5.2 The first hypotheses concerning the nature of X-rays""; ""5.3 Discovery of γ-rays""; ""5.4 Secondary X-rays""; ""5.5 J.J. Thomson and the theory of X-ray scattering, 1898, 1903""; ""5.6 C.G. Barkla and X-ray polarization, 1905""; ""5.7 Characteristic X-ray lines""
""3.1 The existing theories of light before Newton and Huygens""""3.2 F.M. Grimaldi and the diffraction of light, 1665""; ""3.3 I. Newton and the emission theory, 1672""; ""3.4 C. Huygens and the wave theory, 1678""; ""3.5 T. Young and the interference experiment, 1804""; ""3.6 A. Fresnel and the theory of diffraction, 1819""; ""3.7 A. Einstein and the photoelectric effect, 1905""; ""4 RÜntgen and the discovery of X-rays""; ""4.1 8 November 1895: first observation""; ""4.2 Before the discovery""; ""4.3 28 December 1895: RÜntgen�s preliminary communication""
""6.6 W. Friedrich and P. Knipping�s experiment: April�May 1912""""6.7 The propagation of the news of the discovery and the first reactions""; ""6.8 Ewald introduces the reciprocal lattice and the Ewald construction, mid-June 1912""; ""6.9 J. Stark�s �corpuscular� interpretation of the Laue diagrams""; ""6.10 The news reaches W.H. Bragg: his first reactions""; ""6.11 W.L. Bragg and Bragg�s law""; ""6.12 The viewpoint of a science historian: the Forman�Ewald controversy""; ""7 1913: The first steps""; ""7.1 First experiments in the reflection geometry""
The modern applications of X-ray crystallography range from drug design to characterisation of high technology materials. This book tells the story of its pioneers and relates how the first crystal structures were determined.
""5.8 W.H. Bragg and his corpuscular theory of X-rays, 1907""""5.9 Diffraction by a slit: estimation of X-ray wavelengths""; ""5.10 Derivation of X-ray wavelengths from the consideration of energy elements""; ""5.11 J. Stark�s atomic constitution of the X-rays, 1909""; ""6 1912: The discovery of X-ray diffraction and the birth of X-ray analysis""; ""6.1 Munich in 1912""; ""6.2 Ewald�s thesis, 1912""; ""6.3 M. Laue: Privatdozent in A. Sommerfeld�s Institute""; ""6.4 Ewald�s question to Laue, January 1912""; ""6.5 Laue�s intuition, January 1912""
""4.4 The news of the discovery spread round the world""""4.5 Further investigations on X-rays by W.C. RÃœntgen, 1896, 1897""; ""4.6 Prior observations""; ""4.7 â€?Lenard raysâ€? and â€?RÃœntgen raysâ€?""; ""5 The nature of X-rays: waves or corpuscles?""; ""5.1 The nature of cathode rays""; ""5.2 The first hypotheses concerning the nature of X-rays""; ""5.3 Discovery of γ-rays""; ""5.4 Secondary X-rays""; ""5.5 J.J. Thomson and the theory of X-ray scattering, 1898, 1903""; ""5.6 C.G. Barkla and X-ray polarization, 1905""; ""5.7 Characteristic X-ray lines""
""3.1 The existing theories of light before Newton and Huygens""""3.2 F.M. Grimaldi and the diffraction of light, 1665""; ""3.3 I. Newton and the emission theory, 1672""; ""3.4 C. Huygens and the wave theory, 1678""; ""3.5 T. Young and the interference experiment, 1804""; ""3.6 A. Fresnel and the theory of diffraction, 1819""; ""3.7 A. Einstein and the photoelectric effect, 1905""; ""4 RÜntgen and the discovery of X-rays""; ""4.1 8 November 1895: first observation""; ""4.2 Before the discovery""; ""4.3 28 December 1895: RÜntgen�s preliminary communication""
""6.6 W. Friedrich and P. Knipping�s experiment: April�May 1912""""6.7 The propagation of the news of the discovery and the first reactions""; ""6.8 Ewald introduces the reciprocal lattice and the Ewald construction, mid-June 1912""; ""6.9 J. Stark�s �corpuscular� interpretation of the Laue diagrams""; ""6.10 The news reaches W.H. Bragg: his first reactions""; ""6.11 W.L. Bragg and Bragg�s law""; ""6.12 The viewpoint of a science historian: the Forman�Ewald controversy""; ""7 1913: The first steps""; ""7.1 First experiments in the reflection geometry""
The modern applications of X-ray crystallography range from drug design to characterisation of high technology materials. This book tells the story of its pioneers and relates how the first crystal structures were determined.
