Digital Geoarchaeology : New Techniques for Interdisciplinary Human-Environmental Research

Intro.
Preface.
Contents.
List of Contributors.
1: Digital Geoarchaeology: Bridging the Gap Between Archaeology, Geosciences and Computer Sciences.
1.1 Introducing the Concept of Digital Geoarchaeology.
References.
Part I: Spatial Analysis and Geographical Information Systems.
2: Spatial Analysis in Archaeology: Moving into New Territories.
2.1 Introduction.
2.2 The Position of GIS in Archaeological Research.
2.3 Spatial Analysis in Action.
2.3.1 Site Location Analysis.
2.3.2 Example: Long-Term Settlement Pattern Dynamics in the South of France.
2.3.3 Modelling Movement and Transport.
2.3.4 Example: Modelling Transport and Movement in the Dutch Roman Limes.
2.3.5 Visibility Analysis.
2.3.6 Example: Studying Visibility and Movement in the Sierra Morena.
2.4 Moving into New Territories.
References.
3: Methods and Perspectives of Geoarchaelogical Site Catchment Analysis: Identification of Palaeoclimate Indicators in the Ode....
3.1 Introduction.
3.2 Methods of Site Catchment Analyses.
3.2.1 Concentric Zones.
3.2.2 Accessible Areas.
3.2.3 Thiessen Polygons.
3.2.4 XTENT Model of Expanded Accessible Areas.
3.3 Case Study: A GIS-Based Site Catchment Analysis of the Settlements from the Early Iron Age to the Early Middle Ages in the....
3.3.1 Methodological Approach.
3.3.2 Evaluation of Climate Indicators from Geofactors of the Site Catchment Analysis.
3.3.3 Palaeoclimate Development Around the Oder.
3.3.4 Comparative Palaeoclimate Studies in a Central European Context.
References.
4: Point Pattern Analysis as Tool for Digital Geoarchaeology: A Case Study of Megalithic Graves in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
4.1 Introduction.
4.1.1 Why Are Spatial Data Special?.
4.1.2 Case Study.
4.1.2.1 Natural Characteristics of the Study Area.
4.1.2.2 Megalithic Graves of Funnel Beaker Societies.
4.2 Methods.
4.2.1 Point Pattern Analyses.
4.2.1.1 Density-Based Approach: Kernel Density Estimation.
4.2.1.2 Distance-Based Approach: G, F, K, and L Function.
4.2.1.3 Data Influenced by First- and/or Second-Order Effects.
4.2.2 Raster Analyses.
4.2.2.1 Topographic Position Index.
4.2.2.2 Convergence Index.
4.2.2.3 Geomorphons.
4.3 Results.
4.3.1 Density-Based Analysis of Megalithic Graves.
4.3.2 Distance-Based Analyses of Megalithic Graves.
4.3.3 Geomorphometric Parameters.
4.4 Discussion.
4.4.1 Density-Based Analysis of Megaliths.
4.4.2 Distance-Based Analyses of Megaliths.
4.4.3 Geomorphometric Parameters.
4.5 Conclusions.
References.
5: Visual Perception in Past Built Environments: Theoretical and Procedural Issues in the Archaeological Application of Three-....
5.1 Introduction.
5.2 Approaches to Visibility Analysis in Three-Dimensional Built-Up Spaces.
5.3 Managing Uncertainty and Error: Probable Viewsheds.
5.4 Introducing Fuzziness: Ease of Viewing and Visual Acuity in Built Environments.
5.5 Other Theoretical Issues on Visual Perception.
5.6 Summary and Conclusion.
References.
6: Understanding by the Lines We Map: Material Boundaries and the Social Interpretation of Archaeological Built Space.
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 Archaeological Evidence as Lines on Maps.
6.2.1 Boundaries in Archaeological Survey Maps.
6.2.2 Reading Lines on Maps.
6.2.3 Documenting the Physical Information that Matters.
6.2.4 Complementing Lines that Stop.
6.2.5 Conjecturing Entities.
6.3 The Material Nature of Boundaries.
6.3.1 Interpretive Data.
6.3.2 Material Boundaries.
6.3.3 Material Presence.
6.3.4 Material Boundaries as Agential Intra-actions.
6.3.5 Human Centrism in Interpretive Research.
6.4 Social Archaeology, Time, and Spatial Analysis.
6.4.1 The Inhabitant's Perspective.
6.4.2 Synchronicity.
6.4.3 What Is Social Interpretation of Material Boundaries?.
6.5 Towards Interpretive GIS: A Prospect.
6.5.1 The Challenge of Interpretive GIS.
6.5.2 Towards Interpretive Data Structures.
6.5.3 The Interpretive Advantages of GIS.
6.5.4 Concluding Reflection.
References.
Part II: Remote Sensing and Digital Image Analysis.
7: Airborne and Spaceborne Remote Sensing and Digital Image Analysis in Archaeology.
7.1 Introduction.
7.2 A Look Back.
7.2.1 Aerial Archaeology.
7.2.2 Earth Observation Remote Sensing.
7.3 Platforms, Sensors and Data.
7.3.1 High to Low Altitude Platforms.
7.3.2 Active vs. Passive Sensors.
7.3.3 Analogue vs. Digital Images.
7.4 Archaeological Analysis of Remote Sensing Data.
7.4.1 Recent Trends.
7.4.2 Case Study: Archaeological Object Detection in the Silvretta Alps.
7.5 A Look Ahead.
References.
8: Paleoenvironmental Research in the Semiarid Lake Manyara Area, Northern Tanzania: A Synopsis.
8.1 Introduction and Study Area.
8.2 Morphotectonics and Their Interpretation.
8.3 Delineation of the Manyara Beds.
8.4 The Paleo-shorelines of Lake Manyara.
8.5 Lithosphere and Surface Soil Mapping.
8.6 Archeological Settings and Site Prediction.
8.7 Conclusions.
References.
9: In Search of the Optimal Path to Cross the Desert: Geoarchaeology Traces Old Trans-Saharan Routes.
9.1 Introduction.
9.2 The Egyptian Limestone Plateau and the Darb-el Tawil Route.
9.2.1 Geological and Geomorphological Conditions.
9.2.2 History and Course of the Darb el-Tawil Route.
9.3 Methods and Data.
9.3.1 Remote Sensing.
9.3.2 Digital Elevation Data.
9.3.3 GIS and Cost Path Analysis.
9.4 Results.
9.5 Discussion and Conclusions.
References.
10: Combined Aerial and Ground-Based Structure from Motion for Cultural Heritage Documentation.
10.1 Introduction.
10.2 Unmanned Aerial Systems.
10.2.1 Hardware Overview.
10.2.2 Commercial Systems.
10.2.2.1 senseFly's eBee.
10.2.2.2 MAVinci Sirius.
10.2.2.3 DJI.
10.2.2.4 Mikrokopter Okto XL.
10.2.3 Open-Source Systems.
10.2.3.1 Paparazzi Project.
10.2.3.2 ArduPilot.
10.2.3.3 Pixhawk.
10.3 Structure from Motion.
10.3.1 Free-to-Use or Open-Source Software.
10.3.2 Commercial Software.
10.3.3 Method.
10.3.4 Applications.
10.4 Combined Approach.
10.5 Examples.
10.5.1 Lorsch Abbey, Germany.
10.5.2 Ancient City of Troezen, Greece.
10.6 Outlook.
References.
Part III: Laser Scanning Applications.
11: Introduction to LiDAR in Geoarchaeology from a Technological Perspective.
11.1 Introduction.
11.2 How It Works: Principles of Capturing 3D Geodata with LiDAR.
11.3 Advantages and Drawbacks of LiDAR.
11.4 A Typical Workflow for LiDAR Data Capturing and Processing.
11.5 Working on Different Scales: Selected Case Studies of LiDAR Applied in Geoarchaeology.
11.6 Conclusions: Bridging Methods and Scales.
References.
12: 3D Laser Scanning for Geoarchaelogical Documentation and Analysis.
12.1 Introduction.
12.2 The General Workflow for Geoarchaeologic Research.
12.2.1 Field Campaign Preparation.
12.2.2 Data Acquisition.
12.2.2.1 Scan Positions.
12.2.2.2 Resolution.
12.2.2.3 Registration.
12.2.3 Preprocessing.
12.2.3.1 Registration.
12.2.3.2 Filtering.
12.2.3.3 Further Adjustments.
12.2.4 Analysis.
12.3 Possible Analysis and Results.
12.4 Conclusion and Outlook.
References.
13: Visual Detection and Interpretation of Cultural Remnants on the Königstuhl Hillside in Heidelberg Using Airborne and Terre....
13.1 Introduction.
13.1.1 State of the Art.
13.1.2 Site of Investigation.
13.2 Methods.
13.3 Scanning Results.
13.3.1 Contextualizing the Scanned Structures.
13.4 Technical Conclusion.
References.
Part IV: Geophysical Methods and Data Fusion.
14: An Introduction to Geophysical and Geochemical Methods in Digital Geoarchaeology.
14.1 Introduction.
14.2 An Overview of Geophysical Methods.
14.2.1 Ground-Penetrating Radar.
14.2.2 Electromagnetic Induction Methods.
14.2.3 Electrical Resistance Techniques.
14.2.4 Magnetic Methods.
14.2.5 Acoustic Procedures.
14.2.6 Other Geophysical and Geochemical Techniques.
14.3 Examples for Principal Applications.
14.4 Final Remarks.
References.
15: A Geoarchaeological Approach for the Localization of the Prehistoric Harbor of Akrotiri, Thera.
15.1 Introduction.
15.2 Pre-Minoan Paleotopography and Archaeological Significance.
15.3 Methodology.
15.4 Results.
15.4.1 Drilling.
15.4.2 Geological Interpretations.
15.4.3 Geochemical Analyses.
15.4.4 Geophysical Prospection.
15.5 Discussion and Concluding Remarks.
References.
16: Merging the Views: Highlights on the Fusion of Surface and Subsurface Geodata and Their Potentials for Digital Geoarchaeol....
16.1 Introduction.
16.2 Case Study 1: Zominthos (Central Crete, Greece).
16.2.1 Methods.
16.2.2 Results and Interpretation.
16.3 Case Study 2: Kritsa-Latô (East Crete, Greece).
16.3.1 Methods.
16.3.2 Results and Interpretation.
16.4 Case Study 3: Kroustas (East Crete, Greece).
16.4.1 Methods.
16.4.2 Results and Interpretation.
16.5 Conclusions.
16.5.1 Geomorphologic and Geoarchaeological Implications of Data Fusion.
16.5.2 Methodological Synopsis.
References.
Index.